Transition Plans in Special Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change Plans in Special Education - Essay Example The change procedure for understudies with incapacity starts as from age 14 when a student’s is inside the instructive framework or secondary school. Thought additionally offers assets to progress arranging programs for understudy just when still under the limits of an instructive framework (Trach, 2012). The advancement of transitional plans focusing on youngsters with unique incapacities has prompted expanded number of debilitated adolescents enrolling for secondary school and post secondary school programs. A change plan is contained under the individualized instruction program and alludes to exercises that layout the fortifying of requirements, aptitudes and enthusiasm of understudies with exceptional inabilities following secondary school. Through change arranging, the necessities, qualities, aptitudes and life objectives of understudies can be distinguished long ahead of time and sustained. Actualizing such an arrangement ahead of time empowers an understudy with incapac ities to create character and abilities that can empower them to conquer post secondary school difficulties (Trach, 2012). Issue explanation and importance of study The advancement of a kid with unique incapacities has along these lines been given a lot of noticeable quality and the instruction framework inside the United States orders schools inside job. It acknowledges the hindrances, difficulties and issues that understudies experience particularly in the wake of moving on from secondary school. Understanding the different procedure, effects and players in the change arranging advancement is a significant angle for all researchers inside the custom curriculum society. This investigation consequently looks to feature the procedures of progress arranging and the effects that it has made in the improvement of a custom curriculum and the planning of understudies for postsecondary school life. It tries to distinguish the key partners and associates of the procedure and the various job s that each plays (Trach, 2012). The effect of their contribution to building up a legitimate progress plan for understudies with handicap will likewise be assessed in the investigation to help perceive the significance of change arranging in the instruction arrangement of understudies with incapacities. Most understudy change arranging centers around giving abilities that can empower the understudies with unique inabilities to make sure about work and beneficial commitment after secondary school. Far reaching transitional arrangement along these lines guarantees the coordination and contact with outside association that might be keen on utilizing the understudies well ahead of time before they really move on from secondary school (Michaels and Ferrara, 2005). Exploration addresses 1. What is the effect of progress arranging in the instructive improvement of understudies with inability? 2. What change zone holds the way in to the accomplishment of any progress arranging program? 3. What are the effects of formal and casual appraisal techniques accessible as IDEA guidelines? 4. What are the jobs of colleagues and how have they contributed towards the advancement of a successful progress arranging approach Participants on the move arranging Participants in transitional arranging fall in various age gatherings and this makes their degrees of presentation and beneficial encounters change altogether. Progress plans are accordingly evolved and displayed relying upon the requirements of the understudies, their age gatherings and life experien

Opinion Essay Topics For Grade 8

Opinion Essay Topics For Grade 8There are some essay topics for grade 8. Opinion essays for grades are among the hardest to write. Opinion is one of the best motivators, and people usually don't think twice about what they think about something.However, everyone's opinions are different. Some people have a lot of opinions that are right, and some people have opinions that are mostly wrong. Students will love the opinions, while parents will hate them.Opinion essays for grade 8 are difficult to write because it requires an even split between true and false. If you don't like the topic, you'll find yourself using multiple opinions. It's okay to use multiple opinions, but make sure they are written correctly.With opinion essays for grade 8, the whole purpose is to be convincing. Students will appreciate when you use valid facts and examples, and they will love your writing. Parents will want to keep up with your essays, as well.Opinion essays can be tricky, but there are ways to help ma ke them easier. When you're doing opinion essays for grade 8, the last thing you want to do is skip parts of the essay. The last thing you want to do is omit important information, which can cause students to skip portions of the essay.If you skip parts of the essay, you may have to start over. With opinion essays for grades 8, skipping sections could be a problem. If you want to be sure that you are following the rules, you need to add in opinions throughout the essay.It's good to use a short paragraph or two for each opinion essay. Students don't usually think about paragraphs when they'redoing essays, but they are very important. If you only have one paragraph for each opinion, it may not be convincing.Using a paragraph for each opinion is one of the easiest ways to get started on an opinion essay for grade 8. You can include the opinions in a paragraph on its own, or you can write an entire paragraph for each opinion. Don't worry about spelling, grammar, or content. Just write a few sentences for each opinion.

Buying Research Paper Online

Buying Research Paper OnlineWhat should you expect when you buy research paper online? There are many things that you need to know. Research papers can be quite expensive and you do not want to spend a lot of money on one. So how do you make sure that you get a good deal when you buy research paper online?There are a few ways that you can do to ensure that you get a good deal when you buy research paper online. First, when you buy research paper online make sure that you research the company that you are buying from. Many times the companies that offer this service are less than reputable. You want to make sure that you don't fall for those scams.The best way to make sure that you do not fall for scams is to try to find a site that gives you free samples of research paper before you sign up for a subscription. You might even be able to get the companies to send you a free sample before you commit to a monthly subscription. This gives you the chance to check the service out before you actually subscribe.Another thing that you can do to get a better deal when you buy research paper online is to keep track of the prices of what you order. If you order in bulk then you can often get a great deal. However, if you order small then you might have to pay more. This is because the larger the order, the more chance there is of getting a bulk discount.The next thing that you need to keep in mind when you buy research paper online is that you need to know how much time it will take for your paper to arrive. How long does it take for a research paper to go from the printer to your home? Some people want their papers faster while others want theirs a little slower. When you buy research paper online, make sure that you keep this in mind so that you don't get caught up in a rush to get your paper.One last thing that you should consider when you buy research paper online is to check to see if the paper that you buy is in color. Some companies are willing to accept color orders but some companies will only accept black and white and color. Check the website to see if they accept color orders.You also need to find out if the company offers bulk pricing. If they do, you should look for another company. You don't want to make a mistake like getting more than you need.Hopefully these tips will help you when you buy research paper online. There are some places that you should stay away from. Keep your eyes open for discounts and try to find a website that gives you free samples first.

Catcher in the Rye Song Project - 2065 Words

â€Å"Under the Bridge† – Red Hot Chili Peppers Analysis In this song, the lead singer, Anthony Kiedis, is describing how after a drug addiction he moved to a different city to start a new life. This relates to Holden in Catcher in the Rye because after he was kicked out of school he had a hard decision to make. He either could go to his home before his parents knew about the expulsion, or he could run away to New York. Anthony and Holden both choose to go to the city. Also in the song and the book, the singer and Holden turn to drugs as a way to help their lives. Obviously that is the wrong choice, but anyways Holden, although underage, drinks as a means of an anti-depressant. â€Å"†¦The more depressed I got, and I decided, while I was walking and†¦show more content†¦This song fits in perfectly with how Holden is handling his problems. After being kicked out of a private school in which his mother paid for, he delays telling her until he can get his em otions under control. He goes to New York City and tries to get drunk to relieve his stress, as Billie Joe Armstrong did with drugs. â€Å"Am I just paranoid? Or Im just stoned.† This song also talks about the constant paranoia he faces. Holden also has to deal with being paranoid as he is clearly insecure. It is rare that the reader will find Holden describing somebody positively. He is constantly making shallow judgments about the people he encounters. He says, â€Å"I’m not kidding, some of these very stupid girls can really knock you out on the dance floor.† Before even having a conversation with her, he already comes to the conclusion that she is a stupid girl. This proves his insecurity because he is seeing his imperfections through others and criticizing them for it. â€Å"Unwell† – Matchbox Twenty Analysis This song was written from the point of view of a depressed person, rather than a crazy person. I feel that Holden would fall into the category of a depressed person rather than a crazy person. He states several times that he really is just lonely. He says, What I really feel like, though, was committing suicide. I felt like jumping out the window. This may contribute to his depression. This type of depression that he hasShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D Sallinger, Questions and Answers1611 Words   |  6 Pagesunit plan. â€Å"Mr.’M’s† class was just beginning their unit plan on the novel The Catcher in the Rye while â€Å"Mrs. L’s† class was finishing up their unit plan on the novel The Scarlett Letter. Both classrooms had different, specific learning goals, activities, and assessments. â€Å"Mr. M’s† lesson was meant to introduce students to the novel The Catcher in the Rye and get them to start working on their culminating journal project. One learning goal for the lesson can be found in the AIM, â€Å"How can observingRead More Catcher In The Rye- Movie Proposal Essay examples1538 Words   |  7 Pages Movie Proposal: The Catcher in the Rye To the Producer: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Catcher in the Rye, a contemporary novel by J.D. Salinger, is a thought-provoking, fascinating look at society’s values and issues in the 1950’s. This book would make an excellent transition to film because it is full of both action and implication. It focuses on a four-day period of time in the life of a sixteen-year-old cynic with emotional problems. The book follows Holden CaulfieldRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Songs2572 Words   |  11 PagesAerosmith- Dream On This song is significant to this chapter because Holden talks about his ambitions and the troubles hes gone through in his past and this song is just about going after what you want in life and not stopping along the way and that represents Holden a lot. 2. Whats my Age Again?- Blink 182 This song is significant to this chapter because Holden always says that people think hes older than he is and that he has gray hair and that he is really tall and this song talks about not rememberingRead MoreContemporary Adolescence Fiction Encourages Coping, Survival And Acceptance2270 Words   |  10 Pagesalmost every human would experience once. Within the adolescent period the individual themselves will go through the motions of confusion, survival or coping, and then finally acceptance. But why not mastery? Salinger’s protagonist Holden in Catcher in the Rye strives so hard to remain in a state of mind where the outside ‘Phonys’ can not reach him. Boock’s Dare Truth or Promise third- narrative helps her audience to understand the inner turmoil that arises once two teenage girls named Louie and WillaRead MoreMy Favorite Experience In My Life1900 Words   |  8 PagesAs I pranced around my 8-year-old wonderland full of moon-bounces, water slides, ba lloons, and all the other magical things around me, I fiercely sang along to whatever 80’s song was being blasted on the radio. No one, besides Prince himself, can hit the Purple Rain high-notes as passionately as I can. But as I hear my â€Å"Dada† walk into the room, I immediately quiet myself down. â€Å"Daffy-doo! How do you do!† my Dada yells to me, to which I answer with an eruption of giggles. He didn’t seem to mindRead More Censorship in Schools Essay3746 Words   |  15 Pagesliterature† (p. 63). In addition, Simmons adds that newer books are particularly susceptible to censorship because the censors’ generations did not grow up with them (1994). An example of Simmons’ rationale can be seen in the protest of novel Catcher in the Rye in the 1960’s, when it was new, compared to its current acceptance as a modern classic (Steinle, 2002). According to the American Library Association’s Office for Intellectual Freedom, Judy Blume, who writes about realistic relationships between

The Career Of Thomas Edison - 1411 Words

The possibility that I might one day conceive of a patentable idea is an appealing one. After all, not many human endeavours could lead to both fame as well as wealth with so little effort. That notion is an illusion of course as the career of Thomas Edison illustrates. Edison was a man of enormous accomplishments. Armed only with his natural abilities and aptitudes, Edison, who had only a limited education, changed the face of the planet and the lives of almost every human being with his inventions. The only individual who invented a greater number of things was Leonard Da Vinci and many of his inventions were conceived before the technology that would permit them to be built, existed. In addition, Da Vinci designed many weapons of war, which was something Edison took great pride in having never done. All of Edison’s inventions facilitated the production of consumable goods or the enjoyment of life. A patent is simply a license issued by a government that acknowledges an invention and protects the inventor from having others steal his/her original design/idea and produce it in order to make a profit from it. This is the financial benefit that accrues from an invention but there is another value that may be assigned to an inventor. That of course is the professional satisfaction that the inventor will feel when his work is acclaimed by his peers or in the case of popular inventions, fame of the public. The latter may be achieved by publishing the idea (or a description ofShow MoreRelatedThe Greatest Inventors Of All Time1458 Words   |  6 PagesSamuel and Nancy Edison, an exiled political activist and a school teacher respectively. The name of Mr. and Mrs. Edison’s youngest, most accomplished son was Thomas Alva Edison. Thomas Edison grew up in Port Huron, Michigan where his family relocated when he was just seven years old. He attended public school, but he was too easi ly distracted to pursue an education in any sort of formal setting. As a result, his mother took him out of school and homeschooled him instead. Although Edison did not attendRead MoreThe Invention Of Thomas Edison1227 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Edison was a great businessman who held over one thousand patents for his amazing, tremendously life changing inventions. His entrepreneurship began when he was only twelve years old, when he began to sell his self-published newspaper to the people who passed by him, at the â€Å"Grand Trunk Railroad.† At this same exact railroad, he set up a lab and began experimenting with chemicals. At the age of twenty-two he moved to New York, where he worked on his version of the stock ticker. Edison seemedRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Alva Edison s Life1475 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Alva Edison was born February 11, 1847, in Milan Ohio. He was the seventh and last child born to Samuel Edison Jr. and Nancy Elliot Edison. He would be one of the four to survive to adulthood[1]. During the Civil War, Edison learned a lot about the emerging technology of telegraphy. He traveled around the country doing lots of work in this field. Edison began to develop serious hearing loss early in life, in which many believed came from a serious case of scarlet fever or some type of blowRead MoreThomas Alva Edison and His Contribution to the World866 Words   |  4 Pagesvery important man came into play; Thomas Edison, one of the world’s more respected scientists, was born in Milan, Ohio on February 11, 1847 and died on October 18, 1931 in West Orange, New Jersey. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of production (Morkyr). In Tim Rutten’s review of The Wizard of Menlo Park, he depicts Randall Stross’s novel as Thomas Edison progresses through his career. Rutten states, ‘The Wizard ofRead MoreEdison And Nikola Tesl Their Lives, Inventions, And Impact1620 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesJoshua Joseph Mrs. Burrow English 300 11/3/2017 Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla: Their lives, inventions, and impact In the mid 1800’s two important people were born; those people were Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. The reason these people are important is because those two men would help shape a new age of advancements in technology with their work. Mankind would be changed forever with the work of these men. Electricity is an essential part for everyone in America and for most people aroundRead MoreA Quick Look at Thomas Alva Edison683 Words   |  3 PagesThomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847-- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and entrepreneur. He developed numerous devices that substantially influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion photo cam, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. More considerable than the number of Edisons patents, are the impacts of his developments, due to the fact that Edison not just designed things, his innovations established major new markets world-wide, especially, electricalRead MoreThe Light Bulb And The Phonograph746 Words   |  3 PagesJonathan Deleon Per. 5 December 17, 2015 Thomas Edison As we all know that the light bulb was very important. It was a really part of the United States that we needed. Everybody uses a light bulb or wherever you go theirs lights. Everything would be different if their wasn t light it would be more dark. Have you wonder how long it took Edison to create the light bulb? It took him a lot of time because he was going around the world. Thomas Edison had lots of inventions like the light bulbRead MoreThomas Edison s Greatest Patents1536 Words   |  7 PagesDate: Nov 3 2015 Thomas Edison s Greatest Patents Being an outstandingly successful inventor, scientist, and businessman, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that have influenced the lives of people all over the world. Although Thomas had grown up to become a well-known genius, he did not receive an official education like any normal child at the time. Thomas spent about 3 months in a traditional one-room schoolhouse with 38 other students. As a seven year old boy Thomas was a very curiousRead More Thomas Edison Essays1451 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Edison was born February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. His parents were Sam and Nancy Edison. His father Samuel Edison Jr. was a rebel against the Royal Canadian Government and high tempered and stubborn like his father Samuel Edison Sr. Thomas Edisons mother was the daughter of a Baptist Minister and was the base in the Edison family. She also has the same temper as her husband which countered Samuel Edison Jr. They were married in 1828 in Vienna, Ontario. At the age of 14 Thomas Ed ison was prettyRead MoreThomas Alva Edison : Overcoming Life Obstacles1573 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Alva Edison: Overcoming Life Obstacles Thomas Alva Edison was an unconventional genius that played a vital role in shaping the modern world with his inventions, but didn’t accomplish this role easily. Edison led an inquisitive life encompassing his disruptive adolescence, unconventional methods of success, and exceptional ability to endure failure. Although his inventions and ideologies exemplified him, Thomas Edison overcame tremendous obstacles throughout his lifetime before achieving his

The Iran Hostage Crisis and the United States - 1146 Words

The American public was so captivated by the Iran Hostage Crisis because they were blindsided by this radical action and their knowledge of America’s involvement in Iran was limited. The media played a major role in influencing their emotions and they already had trouble trusting the American government. This unknown involvement began in 1943 when President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin met in Tehran to discuss how to remove the British and Soviet military forces from Iran because Iran wanted to be its own nation. The United States aided the young Shah, the ruler of Iran, and his government with military weapons and loans. Over time, Prime Minister Mossadegh, of Iran, gained more and more power until he was the true ruler of Iran and the Shah was just a figurehead. The United States, fearing the spread of communism, devised a secret plan for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), to over throw Prime Minister Mossadegh. After the successf ul overthrow of Prime Minister Mossadegh, the Shah was back in control of Iran and was supported by the United States, even though he was extremely brutal to his citizens. The Shah used United States military trained Iranian police force, called SAVAK, to carry out his orders. This caused a strong dislike for the Shah by the citizens of Iran and a strong Islamic uprising. This uprising ended with the Shah being exiled from his country and the radical Muslim Ayatollah Khomeini gaining power overShow MoreRelatedThe Iran Hostage Crisis And The United States1888 Words   |  8 Pagesremaining hostages climb out of the plane on American soil. The Iran Hostage Crisis included Iranian students holding Americans hostage. Fifty-two American hostages were held in the United States Embassy in Tehran for 444 days. The 444 day hostage crisis lasted from November 1979 to January 1981. There are different reasons why the Iran Hostage Crisis could have happened. The actions and inactions of the United States’ government are to blame for the Iran Hostage Crisis because the United States allowedRead MoreThe Iran Hostage Crisis Changed The Political Connections Between The United States And Iran1586 Words   |  7 Pages1945 - Present 20 November 2016 The Iran Hostage Crisis The Iran Hostage Crisis changed the political connections between the United States and Iran for several years to come. The Iran Hostage Crisis became a symbol of America s global power and influence On November 4, 1979, Iranian students stormed the US embassy in Tehran, Iran, and took sixty-three Americans hostage. The students agreed that the hostages would not be released until the Shah returned to â€Å"Iran to stand trial for the crimes committedRead MoreHenry Hallaway. World History Ii. Mr. Oto. 28 April 2017.1551 Words   |  7 Pages2017 Rough Draft The Iranian Hostage Crisis was an event that took place in the capital of Iran in November of 1979 that lasted a long four-hundred and forty-four days. What led up to the breaking point in the Hostage crisis happened fast and was a result of a bad tie between the people and government of Iran and the US’ involvement with Iran. During the crisis the US’ president Jimmy Carter had the military attempt rescues of the hostages. The Iranian Hostage crisis did not only cause tensions toRead MoreThe Political Influence Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe political influence of the United States can be seen all around the globe, primarily through the presence of embassies in many foreign countries. The Iran hostage crisis occurred in 1979 when a United States embassy in Iran was taken over by a group of student protestors and the people inside were held hostage for 444 days. The United States’ responded politically by turning other nations against Iran, and economically by freezing Iran’s assets and limiting it’s ability to trade. The falloutRead MoreJimmy Carter and the Iranian Hostage Crisis Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesenrolled in the United States Naval Academy where he completed a Bachelor of Science degree. Carter enlisted in the Navy and was posted on submarines in the Pacific and Atlantic. Eventually Carter studied nuclear physics at Union College to prepare for the Navy’s nuclear submarine program. Carter married Rosalynn Smith in 1946, and took over the family farm after his father’s death; where he became an important figure in the Plains, Georgia community, and decided to run for the state senate. CarterRead MoreKen Pollack Of The Brookings Institution1637 Words   |  7 Pagesgeostrategic terms†¦ it’s hard to figure out why the United States and Iran would necessarily be in conflict. In fact during the Shah’s era, before 1979- recognizing that there were all kinds of other problems- the Unites States and Iran worked together splendidly at the strategic level† ( qtd. in Addis). Initially, the United States and Iran maintained amicable relations but resentment rose in Iran over time toward the Americans. The Iran-contra with the United States lasted for more than a century, conflictRead MoreIran Hostage Crisis1295 Words   |  6 PagesIran Hostage Crisis The Iran Hostage Crisis lasted for 444 days and went from 4 November 1979 to 20 January 1981. This crisis happened only after a long time friend and ally, the Shah of Iran, was ousted from power and left Iran in January 1979. A revolutionary leader named Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini came to power in Iran when he returned in February 1979. Khomeini started rhetoric against the United States as the Great Satan that provided young Iranian students a reason to storm the U.SRead MoreThe Effects of the Iranian Hostage Crisis1117 Words   |  5 Pages The Iranian hostage crisis was one of the most dramatic events in a series of problems that took place during President Jimmy Carter’s term. The crisis, beginning in November of 1979, received the most coverage of any major event since World War II. It was one of many problems faced in light of the United State’s complex relationship with Iran. The effects on both the US and Iran were astronomical, especially politically as we ll as economically and socially. It took a heavy toll on American relationsRead MoreThe Iranian Hostage Crisis And Its Effect On The United States1660 Words   |  7 Pagesof Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to answer the question on how did the Iranian Hostage Crisis affect the relationship between United States and Iran. The main body of evidence will observe in depth the Iranian and United States relations during the hostage crisis. Evidence of this investigation will include secondary documents and books pertaining to the hostage time in Iran and US foreign policy. Speeches from the US President to the American public and to the world will alsoRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Iranian Hostage Crisis1147 Words   |  5 Pagesharassment is told through David Farber’s novel, Taken Hostage, which details the hostage takeover that involved sixty-six American citizens who had to endure 444 agonizing days of being taken hostage because America was no longer in control. During the time of the Iranian hostage crisis, Americans were held back by the tragedy for numerous reasons, many of which stem from the immediate reaction of combined shock and frustrat ion towards the United States Government and President Carter, a lack of knowledge

Health Assessment for the Clinician- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHealth Assessment for the Clinician. Answer: A health assessment is a well-structured care plan which identifies the unique needs of any person. Furthermore, it outlines how the specified needs should be addressed by a skillful nursing facility or healthcare system. Therefore, health assessment typically is the detailed evaluation and examination of a persons health status. Conventionally, it involves conducting a physical examination prior to performing a health history. A health assessment is essential because it aids in detecting diseases during their early stages in individuals who seem to be well. Health history is an all-inclusive examination of all the factors that may be affecting the health status of a patient. Consequently, this includes important information concerning the economic, familial, cultural and social aspects of the person. In addition, other vital components relating to the life of the patient are also considered, for instance, aspects that affect well-being and health (Forbes and Watt, 2015). Heath history, therefore, is meant to gauge the effects of healthcare on specific individuals and to provide a basis for personalized plans to address wellness. On the contrary, clinical, medical or physical assessment is a process by which medical service providers utilize in investigating the bodies of patients for signs of diseases. Customarily, it entails performing a medical history to identify the symptoms previously experienced by a patient. Therefore, physical examination and medical history help in conducting the most accurate diagnosis. Moreover, the check-ups aid in devising appropriate treatment plans (Luctkar-Flude, Wilson-Keates and Larocque, 2012). Likewise, the data obtained is included in the patients medical record. Health history, the collection of a patients key health information, creates an important database useful during diagnosis. Subsequently, it provides a plan for the management of efficient diagnosis, care, treatment and follow-up activities. Contrariwise, although physical assessment aids in diagnosis, it is also fundamental in screening. In addition, a physical examination is imperative in creating effective patient-doctor relationships in comparison to health history which only utilizes past records (Rosen, 2015). Similarly, the interaction of patients and medical practitioners during check-ups boosts their relationship. Health assessment frameworks and models are utilized to accurately gauge the health of a patient. In the same token, they are a logical way of obtaining subjective and objective data to develop a blueprint of patient care (Powell et al, 2013). Healthcare professionals should be committed to observing patients objective and subjective data to identify any transformations in their health status. Additionally, this will help them to act upon the results found to achieve the finest possible outcomes when maintaining patients wellbeing. The Gordons framework is significant since it assists in providing a sequence of repetitive behavior from different aspects which are usually eleven. The aspects consist of nutritional-metabolic, sleep-rest, activity-exercise, elimination, management and health perception patterns. Others include role-relationship, belief, stress-tolerance, cognitive-perceptual, self-concept, and sexuality-reproductive patterns (Morgan et al, 2016). Furthermore, the wellbeing of patients is perceived to be influenced by developmental, spiritual, social, cultural and biological factors. The Gordons framework, therefore, helps in gathering sufficient information regarding the diverse patients to enhance comprehensive assessment of health. On the contrary, there is another framework similar to the Gordon one, for instance, the Dorothea Orem framework. The Orem framework is mainly associated with self-care issues. The self-care theory entails four concepts. One of the concepts is self-care which denotes the activities that a patient should perform without any assistance such as intake of water and food. Self-care agency is the other aspect that entails the ability of a patient to perform personal activities regardless of whether they need assistance (O'shaughnessy, 2014). Moreover, another concept is self-care requisites that refer to activities aimed at providing self-care. The last concept is the self-care demand which are acts needed to meet prevailing self-care requisites. Contrariwise, the Gordon framework is more appropriate because it determines the past health history of a patient in comparison to the Orem self-care framework that only focuses on daily activities that might put a persons health at risk. The logic model or framework is similar to the Gordon framework and is used in health assessment. Nonetheless, it is effective in addressing community health needs in comparison to personal patient needs. It is extensively used by public health organizations more so community-based agencies to examine the general well-being of a specific region. Typically, a logic framework helps health practitioners to improve the general health status of an area by making various assumptions that are related to its health history. Nevertheless, the Gordons model is more appropriate than the logic health model because it specifically focuses on individual patients in comparison to the logic one that aims at community health. Additionally, Orems self-care framework seems to be valuable to healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, Gordons framework is the most advantageous since its benefits outweigh weaknesses. Conventionally, this is the sole reason for its extensive utilization in most healthcare ins titutions. Typically, a health assessment is important. It helps in collecting comprehensive valid data concerning a patients health. The assessment is also useful in predicting the possibility of health risks. Consequently, the evaluation assists in coordinating care and evaluating the progress of patients (Warren et al, 2010). Health examination aids healthcare providers, for instance, nurses to avail care which is considerate of specific patient values, needs, and preferences. Likewise, they make sure patient values are the basis of all clinical verdicts. To achieve this successfully, when performing health assessments the nurses make legal, ethical and professional considerations (Ahmed and Haboubi, 2010). Subsequently, they are usually alert to ensure patients comfort hence inquire if patients consent to the procedures to be performed on them. In conclusion, Gordons framework is a brilliant way to create a good picture of the health of patients. It can be used to identify any health specialty. Moreover, the framework caters to the ever-changing and dynamic health. Contrary to other frameworks, it reveals patterns of both dysfunction and function. It uses eleven specific aspects to bring forth detailed information necessary to medical practitioners to enable them to discover emerging trends. In the same token, the categories offer a standardized and systematic methodology to data collection hence health professionals easily discover the diverse health aspects. References Ahmed, T., Haboubi, N. (2010). Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health. Clinical interventions in aging, 5, 207. Forbes, H., Watt, E. (2015).Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences. Luctkar-Flude, M., Wilson-Keates, B., Larocque, M. (2012). Evaluating high-fidelity human simulators and standardized patients in an undergraduate nursing health assessment course.Nurse education today,32(4), 448-452. Morgan, R. L., Thayer, K. A., Bero, L., Bruce, N., Falck-Ytter, Y., Ghersi, D., ... Mustafa, R. A. (2016). GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence in environmental and occupational health.Environment international,92, 611-616. O'shaughnessy, M. (2014). Application of Dorothea Orem's theory of self-care to the elderly patient on peritoneal dialysis.Nephrology Nursing Journal,41(5), 495. Powell, K. P., Christianson, C. A., Hahn, S. E., Dave, G., Evans, L. R., Blanton, S. H., ... Hinrich, V. C. (2013). Collection of family health history for assessment of chronic disease risk in primary care.NC Med J,74(4), 279-286. Rosen, G. (2015).A history of public health. JHU Press. Warren, J. M., Ekelund, U., Besson, H., Mezzani, A., Geladas, N., Vanhees, L. (2010). Assessment of physical activitya review of methodologies with reference to epidemiological research: a report of the exercise physiology section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation.European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation,17(2), 127-139.

Bahuvrihi Compounds

Bahuvrihi Compounds Bahuvrihi Compounds Bahuvrihi Compounds By Mark Nichol Have you ever described someone as a blockhead? Have you explained an action as heavy-handed? Have you ever referred to someone as white-collar? If so, then you’ve employed a bahuvrihi compound. Such terms are compounds in which the first word of each pair is a feature of the second; the composition is an adjective (or, occasionally, a noun) attached to a noun to itself serve as an adjective or a noun. The name, from Sanskrit, is itself a bahuvrihi compound that means â€Å"much rice† but refers, as a form of synecdoche, to a rich man. (A synecdoche is a term that uses a part of something to refer to the whole, such as hand in the direction â€Å"Give me a hand† when what one is asking for is the use of one’s entire person.) Bahuvrihi compounds often refer to a characteristic of a person. They can be neutral (barefoot) or derogatory (lowlife). They can refer to a physical feature (graybeard or redhead) or to status within a profession or pursuit (blue-collar and white-collar, or tenderfoot) or an attitude associated with one’s place in society (bluestocking or highbrow). Compounds such as heavy-handed can describe an approach or a personality trait. They can also pertain to an object (houndstooth, to describe a fabric pattern; also styled hound’s-tooth) or to an animal (sabretooth); other compounds that, like these, consist of two nouns include several pejorative terms for someone perceived to be dumb or foolish: blockhead, bonehead, half-wit, and knucklehead. By contrast, a person considered highly intelligent is called an egghead. Note that bahuvrihi compounds are usually closed; the aforementioned blue-collar and white-collar, as well as half-wit and heavy-handed, are exceptions, as is the term â€Å"old money,† to refer to a family that has been wealthy for generations (or an individual from such a family). Whether the compound is open, hyphenated, or closed, is, as is the case with compounds in general, random; note blue-collar and bluestocking, for example. Bahuvrihi compounds are useful resources for writers as expressive ways to describe a person or, occasionally, a place or a thing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Complete List The Smallest Colleges in the United States

Complete List The Smallest Colleges in the United States SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You might be interested in going to a small college, but just how small? In general, schools labeled small have fewer than 5,000 students in total. However, quite a few schools are actually at least 10 times smaller than this. In this article I’ll describe the characteristics of small colleges and then provide a list of the smallest colleges in the nation by category. Why Are These Schools So Small? It might seem unorthodox for the enrollment of an entire college to be the same size as your high school class (or even smaller!). Though definitely uncommon, these schools usually have a solid rationale for keeping their student bodies so tiny.There are several reasons these colleges are particularly small: Extremely Specialized Curriculum Often, small colleges have a very specialized curriculum that caters to a narrow demographic of students.Many of the smallest colleges are religious schools of a particular denomination, art schools, or professional schools. The smallest liberal arts colleges usually have a curriculum that emphasizes certain modes of learning and exploration of subjects.For example, some of these schools have a â€Å"Great Books† curriculum,meaning that all students must read a collection of classic texts as part of the college’s universal academic requirements. Began as Parts of Larger Universities Some of these schools were once part of larger universities and then branched off to form their own communities.This goes along with their tendency to be more specialized and attract a much smaller group of prospective students. Dedicated to Personalizing Each Student's Academic Experience These schools are committed to keeping class sizes small and giving each student individualized attention.Often, students can design their own curricula and access a level of guidance and support from professors and advisors that's unheard of at larger schools.Students frequently collaborate with professors and are asked to give self-evaluations. Tiny schools treat the college experience as an evolving dialogue between students, their teachers, and their communities.This enables them to focus less on grades alone and more on learning as an ongoing interactive process. What Is the Tiny College Experience Like? So you can get a sense of what the smallest schools are actually like, I’ve compiled a few student testimonials that provide perspective on the pros and cons of attending these colleges. Thomas Aquinas College "They create an academic bubble of seclusion, quite literally." "The rules are a bit extreme, and never think that someone is not watching. At a school this small, everything gets out in the open." "I admit that this school does wonders with the mind. Thomas Aquinas delves into critical thinking and reading beyond the text." Thomas Aquinas College, Santa Paula California (Harold Litwiler/Flickr) Marlboro College "Marlboro is the best place for independent students who want to take a serious role in the pursuit of their education." "Marlboro does not have class requirements, [so]each student creates a course of study based on their interests and aspirations." "Marlboro College classes expect serious work ethic. Class sizes are small, so sleeping in and missing your 8 AM is not an option if you think your professor won't notice." Marlboro College Neumont University "There is always something to do and it is a very tight, close community who all are willing to help each other when/if someone asks." "There is no leeway for those who just want to coast on by and get a degree for something. This is an active learning environment." "There is no meal plan. You are expected to buy your own groceries and prepare your own meals." As you can see from all of these school quotes, the smallest colleges are often limited in their housing and dining options and campus activities. However, they might be the right fit for students who are interested in a specific academic field or mode of learning.One benefit you can count on is a close bond with professors and other students. List of the Smallest Colleges in the US These are the smallest four-year, non-profit colleges in the nation sorted by type and enrollment number. This list includes schools withfewer than 500 students but more than 50 students because colleges with fewer than 50 students are extremely rare and not relevant to enough students to merit inclusion. All enrollment data is from the College Board's Big Future website. Smallest Arts Colleges College Enrollment Oregon College of Art Craft 109 VanderCook College of Music 122 Visible Music College 127 Art Academy of Cincinnati 175 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 188 San Francisco Conservatory of Music 205 Watkins College of Art, Design Film 205 Cleveland Institute of Music 227 Pennsylvania College of Art and Design 260 American Academy of Art 260 Johns Hopkins University Peabody Conservatory of Music 265 San Francisco Art Institute 299 New Hampshire Institute of Art 308 School of the Museum of Fine Arts 349 Moore College of Art and Design 373 McNally Smith College of Music 409 Pacific Northwest College of Art 419 Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico 433 New England Conservatory of Music 436 Escuela de Artes Plasticas de Puerto Rico 441 Columbia College Hollywood 453 Manhattan School of Music 488 Smallest Religious Colleges For this list, I've focused on colleges that primarily identify as seminaries or Bible colleges. Also, I've excluded religious colleges that only train religious professionals because they are too specialized for most people. College Enrollment Mount Angel Seminary 51 St. Charles Borromeo Seminary- Overbrook 57 Baptist Missionary Association Theological Seminary 58 Southern California Seminary 62 American Jewish University 67 Kentucky Mountain Bible College 76 Hellenic College/Holy Cross 78 New Hope Christian College 87 Crossroads College 96 Clear Creek Baptist Bible College 98 Montana Bible College 100 Huntsville Bible College 8 Southwestern Christian College 123 Boise Bible College 130 Faith International University 144 Nebraska Christian College 145 Jewish Theological Seminary 162 Arlington Baptist University 162 Holy Apostles College and Seminary 164 Baptist University of the Americas 177 Johnson University- Florida 180 Kuyper College 184 Trinity College 189 Trinity Bible College 191 Mid-Atlantic Christian University 192 Criswel College 198 Dallas Christian College 213 Calvary University 223 Virginia Baptist College 227 Barclay College 229 Ecclesia College 232 Central Christian College of the Bible 239 Bethesda University of California 256 John Paul the Great Catholic University 260 Emmaus Bible College 269 Theological University of the Caribbean 271 Appalachian Bible College 274 Marygrove College 285 Beulah Heights University 288 Luther Rice College and Seminary 295 Faith Baptist Theological Seminary 300 Davis College 302 Northpoint Bible College 323 Grace Bible College 336 Piedmont International University 339 Welch College 348 Trinity Baptist College 353 Multnomah University 394 The King’s University 400 Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary 406 Baptist College of Florida 427 College of Biblical Studies- Houston 428 Lincoln Christian University 464 Columbia International University 486 Williams Baptist University 493 Smallest Engineering, Medical, and Other Professional Colleges College Enrollment California Institute of Integral Studies 50 Northwestern Polytechnic University 52 Webb Institute 98 Rush University 109 Columbia College of Nursing 6 Lincoln University 120 St. John’s College 122 United States Sports Academy 124 Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science 169 Bastyr University 197 Saint Anthony College of Nursing 199 Trinity College 213 Amberton University 217 Blessing-Rieman College of Nursing Health Sciences 272 Maharishi University of Management 324 Allen College 329 University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences 341 Boston Architectural College 343 Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering 380 Bellin College 397 St. Francis Medical Center College of Nursing 406 Cabarrus College of Health Sciences 419 Touro University Worldwide 484 Saint Luke’s College of Health Sciences 490 Smallest Liberal Arts Colleges All the colleges on this list offer a variety of degrees and a complete liberal arts education (but note that some of these schools are religiously affiliated). College Enrollment Thomas More College of Liberal Arts 90 Logan University 98 Antioch University 103 Antioch College 133 University of the West 185 New Saint Andrews College 141 Medaille College- Rochester 145 Sterling College 146 Marlboro College 183 Goddard College 189 College of St. Joseph in Vermont 237 Cottey College 270 Patrick Henry College 277 Alaska Pacific University 296 Randall University 304 Selma University 3 Aquinas College 312 Sweet Briar College 319 St. John’s College 322 Bryn Athyn College 326 Beacon College 348 College of the Atlantic 349 Southern Vermont College 361 Marylhurst University 364 Judson College 366 Thomas Aquinas College 370 Silver Lake College of the Holy Family 388 Bard College at Simon’s Rock 390 Prescott College 391 Warner Pacific University 400 Soka University of America 412 Pine Manor College 419 Naropa University 419 Pine College 426 York College 431 Sierra Nevada College 435 Principia College 455 Penn State- Wilkes-Barre 456 St. John’s College 458 Green Mountain College 468 Golden Gate University 470 Wells College 470 University of Minnesota- Rochester 472 Voorhees College 475 Penn State- Shenango 490 Bennett College for Women 493 Christendom College 493 Penn State- Greater Allegheny 497 What's Next? If you're just starting your college search, you might not be sure whether a big or small college is the best choice for you. Learn about the major differences between the two. Another factor to consider in the college search process is location. Do you want to stay close to home or start over somewhere new? Read this article to find out if a college close to home is the right choice for you. For more advice on how to conduct your college search, read my guide on how to choose the best college for you and my review ofthe top 10 college search websites. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Employment tribunal & employment appeal tribunal Case Study

Employment tribunal & employment appeal tribunal - Case Study Example However, if shares of a business is transferred or either machineries or assets are being transferred to a buyer, then, TUBE regulation will not be applicable. There is a category of employees’ namely self-employed worker who is also known as an independent contractor. These independent contractor offer services for a business through a contract for services. This category of contractor is not an employee of a company as they are offering the business with high-skilled or specialised skills. These self-employed persons can offer their services for a business through an umbrella company or as a sole trader or through a limited company or through a partnership. It is to be noted that an employee works for a business through a contract of service whereas an independent contractor works for a client’s business through a contract for service. To determine whether a person is an employee or an independent contractor, HRMC offers an employment Status Indicator (ESI) kit that e mployees or contractors can use to decide whether they are self-employed or employee of that business (Contractorcalculator.co.uk 2010). A self-employed contractor is an individual who is really carrying on a business for themselves if he or she assumes accountability for the failure or success of the business and is either a staff or an employee of the business. Thus, a self-employed contractor is somebody who is a sole trader and not employed through a service company or through their own limited company.

Clinical objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Clinical objectives - Essay Example The calculation changes on the yearly basis, however, it is crucial for hospitals to stay current on the measures which are included and how their performance on the measures during the defined performance period will contribute to the overall total performance (TPS). To improve the quality of healthcare delivery, it is crucial to ensure that there is patient satisfaction. Hospital Impatient Value-Based Purchasing (HIVBP) program, and the Medicare reimbursements are closely linked to patient satisfaction. Patients have high expectations in their care and the attitude of care givers which greatly contributes to satisfaction. In a period where physicians are being measured by the quality of their treatment, it is crucial to understand the concept of value base purchasing and Medicaid reimbursement. Value-Based Purchasing (HIVBP) program and the Medicare reimbursements are closely linked to patient

Life and career Essay Example for Free

Life and career Essay Singers parents were Viennese Jews who escaped the German annexation of Austria and fled to Australia in 1938. His grandparents were less fortunate; they were taken by the Nazis to Lodz, and were never heard of again. [1] Singers father imported tea and coffee, while his mother practised medicine. He attended Scotch College. After leaving school, Singer studied law, history and philosophy at the University of Melbourne, gaining his degree in 1967. He received an MA for a thesis entitled Why should I be moral? n 1969. He was awarded a scholarship to study at the University of Oxford, obtaining a B. Phil in 1971 with a thesis on civil disobedience, supervised by R. M. Hare, and subsequently published as a book in 1973. [2] After spending two years as a Radcliffe lecturer at University College, Oxford, he was visiting professor at New York University for 16 months. He returned to Melbourne in 1977, where he has spent most of his career, apart from many visiting positions internationally, and until his move to Princeton in 1999. Animal LiberationPublished in 1975, Animal Liberation[3] was a major formative influence on the animal liberation movement. Although Singer rejects rights as a moral ideal independent from his utilitarianism based on interests, he accepts rights as derived from utilitarian principles, particularly the principle of minimizing suffering. [4] Singer allows that animal rights are not exactly the same as human rights, writing in Animal Liberation that there are obviously important differences between human and other animals, and these differences must give rise to some differences in the rights that each have. [5] So, for example an animal does not have the right to a good education as this is meaningless to him, just as a male human does not have the right to an abortion. But he is no more skeptical of animal rights than of the rights of women, beginning his book by defending just such a comparison against Mary Wollstonecrafts 18th-century critic Thomas Taylor, who argued that if Wollstonecrafts reasoning in defense of womens rights were correct, then brutes would have rights too. Taylor thought he had produced a reductio ad absurdum of Wollstonecrafts view; Singer regards it as a sound logical implication. Taylors modus tollens is Singers modus ponens. In Animal Liberation, Singer argues against what he calls speciesism: discrimination on the grounds that a being belongs to a certain species. He holds the interests of all beings capable of suffering to be worthy of equal consideration, and that giving lesser consideration to beings based on their having wings or fur is no more justified than discrimination based on skin color. In particular, he argues that while animals show lower intelligence than the average human, many severely retarded humans show equally diminished mental capacity, and intelligence therefore does not provide a basis for providing nonhuman animals any less consideration than such retarded humans. Singer does not specifically contend that we ought not use animals for food insofar as they are raised and killed in a way that actively avoids the inflicting of pain, but as such farms are few and far between, he concludes that the most practical solution is to adopt a vegetarian or vegan diet. Singer also condemns most vivisection, though he believes animal experiments may be acceptable if the benefit (in terms of improved medical treatment, etc. ) outweighs the harm done to the animals used. [6] Due to the subjectivity of the term benefit, controversy exists about this and other utilitarian views. But he is clear enough that humans of comparable sentience should also be candidates for any animal experimentation that passes the benefit test. So a monkey and a human infant would be equally available for the experiment, from a moral point of view, other things being equal. If performing the experiment on the infant isnt justifiable, then Singer believes that the experiment shouldnt happen at all — instead, the researchers should pursue their goals using computer simulations or other methods. Applied ethics His most comprehensive work, Practical Ethics,[7] analyzes in detail why and how beings interests should be weighed. His principle of equality encompasses all beings with interests, and it requires equal consideration of those interests, whatever the species. The principle of equal consideration of interests does not dictate equal treatment of all those with interests, since different interests warrant different treatment. All have an interest in avoiding pain, for instance, but relatively few have an interest in cultivating their abilities. Not only does his principle justify different treatment for different interests, but it allows different treatment for the same interest when diminishing marginal utility is a factor, favoring, for instance, a starving persons interest in food over the same interest of someone who is only slightly hungry. Among the more important human interests are those in avoiding pain, in developing ones abilities, in satisfying basic needs for food and shelter, in enjoying warm personal relationships, in being free to pursue ones projects without interference, and many others. The fundamental interest that entitles a being to equal consideration is the capacity for suffering and/or enjoyment or happiness; mice as well as human beings have this interest, but stones and trees do not. He holds that a beings interests should always be weighed according to that beings concrete properties, and not according to its belonging to some abstract group such as a species, or a set of possible beings, or an early stage of something with an as yet unactualized potential. He favors a journey model of life, which measures the wrongness of taking a life by the degree to which doing so frustrates a life journeys goals. So taking a life is less wrong at the beginning, when no goals have been set, and at the end, when the goals have either been met or are unlikely to be accomplished. The journey model is tolerant of some frustrated desire, explains why persons who have embarked on their journeys are not replaceable, and accounts for why it is wrong to bring a miserable life into existence. Although sentience puts a being within the sphere of equal consideration of interests, only a personal interest in continuing to live brings the journey model into play. This model also explains the priority that Singer attaches to interests over trivial desires and pleasures. For instance, one has an interest in food, but not in the pleasures of the palate that might distinguish eating steak from eating tofu, because nutrition is instrumental to many goals in ones life journey, whereas the desire for meat is not and is therefore trumped by the interest of animals in avoiding the miseries of factory farming. In order to avoid bias towards human interests, he requires the idea of an impartial standpoint from which to compare interests. This is an elaboration of the familiar idea of putting oneself in the others shoes, adjusted for beings with paws or flippers. He has wavered about whether the precise aim is the total amount of satisfied interests, or instead the most satisfied interests among those beings who already exist prior to the decision one is making. Both have liabilities. The total view, for instance, seems to lead to Derek Parfits Repugnant Conclusion[8] — that is, it seems to imply that its morally better to have an enormous population with lives barely worth living rather than a smaller population with much happier lives. The prior-existence view, on the other hand, seems questionably indifferent to the harm or benefit one can do to those who are brought into existence by ones decisions. The second edition of Practical Ethics disavows the first editions suggestion that the total and prior-existence views should be combined in such a way that the total view applies to sentient beings who are not self-conscious and the prior-existence view applies to those who are. This would mean that rats and human infants are replaceable — their painless death is permissible as long as they are replaced — whereas human adults and other persons in Singers expanded sense, including great apes, are not replaceable. The second edition dispenses with the requirement of replacement and the consequent high population numbers for sentient beings. It asserts that preference-satisfaction utilitarianism, incorporating the journey model, applies without invoking the first editions suggestion about the total view. But the details are fuzzy and Singer admits that he is not entirely satisfied with his treatment of choices that involve bringing beings into existence. Ethical conduct is justifiable by reasons that go beyond prudence to something bigger than the individual, addressing a larger audience. Singer thinks this going-beyond identifies moral reasons as somehow universal, specifically in the injunction to love thy neighbor as thyself, interpreted by him as demanding that one give the same weight to the interests of others as one gives to ones own interests. This universalizing step, which Singer traces from Kant to Hare, is crucial and sets him apart from moral theorists from Hobbes to David Gauthier, who regard that step as flatly irrational. Universalization leads directly to utilitarianism, Singer argues, on the strength of the thought that my own interests cannot count for more than the interests of others. Taking these into account, one must weigh them up and adopt the course of action that is most likely to maximize the interests of those affected; utilitarianism has been arrived at. Singers universalizing step applies to interests without reference to who has them, whereas a Kantians applies to the judgments of rational agents (in Kants kingdom of ends, or Rawlss Original Position, etc. ). Singer regards Kantian universalization as unjust to animals. Its their capacity for suffering/happiness that matters morally, not their deficiency with respect to rational judgment. As for the Hobbesians, Singer attempts a response in the final chapter of Practical Ethics, arguing that self-interested reasons support adoption of the moral point of view, such as the paradox of hedonism, which counsels that happiness is best found by not looking for it, and the need most people feel to relate to something larger than their own concerns. Abortion, euthanasia and infanticide Consistent with his general ethical theory, Singer holds that the right to physical integrity is grounded in a beings ability to suffer, and the right to life is grounded in, among other things, the ability to plan and anticipate ones future. Since the unborn, infants and severely disabled people lack the latter (but not the former) ability, he states that abortion, painless infanticide and euthanasia can be justified in certain special circumstances, for instance in the case of severely disabled infants whose life would cause suffering both to themselves and to their parents. In his view the central argument against abortion is It is wrong to kill an innocent human being; a human fetus is an innocent human being; therefore it is wrong to kill a human fetus. He challenges the second premise, on the grounds that its reference to human beings is ambiguous as between human beings in the zoological sense and persons as rational and self-conscious. There is no sanctity of human life that confers moral protection on human beings in the zoological sense. Until the capacity for pain develops after 18 weeks of gestation, abortion terminates an existence that has no intrinsic value (as opposed to the value it might have in virtue of being valued by the parents or others). As it develops the features of a person, it has moral protections that are comparable to those that should be extended to nonhuman life as well. He also rejects a backup argument against abortion that appeals to potential: It is wrong to kill a potential human being; a human fetus is a potential human being; therefore it is wrong to kill a human fetus. The second premise is more plausible, but its first premise is less plausible, and Singer denies that what is potentially an X should have the same value or moral rights as what is already an X. Against those who stress the continuity of our existence from conception to adulthood, he poses the example of an embryo in a dish on a laboratory bench, which he calls Mary. Now if it divides into two identical embryos, there is no way to answer the question whether Mary dies, or continues to exist, or is replaced by Jane and Susan. These are absurd questions, he thinks, and their absurdity casts doubt on the view that the embryo is a human being in the morally significant sense. Singer classifies euthanasia as voluntary, involuntary, or non-voluntary. (For possible similar historical definitions of euthanasia see Karl Binding, Alfred Hoche and Werner Catel. ) Given his consequentialist approach, the difference between active and passive euthanasia is not morally significant, for the required act/omission doctrine is untenable; killing and letting die are on a moral par when their consequences are the same. Voluntary euthanasia, undertaken with the consent of the subject, is supported by the autonomy of persons and their freedom to waive their rights, especially against a legal background such as the guidelines developed by the courts in the Netherlands. Non-voluntary euthanasia at the beginning or end of lifes journey, when the capacity to reason about what is at stake is undeveloped or lost, is justified when swift and painless killing is the only alternative to suffering for the subject.

Self-Worth and Moral Knowledge :: Philosophy Morals Traditions Papers

Self-Worth and Moral Knowledge I argue that persons are unlikely to have moral knowledge insofar as they lack certain moral virtues; that persons are commonly deficient in these virtues, and hence that they are regularly unlikely to have adequate moral knowledge. I propose a version of this argument that employs a broad conception of self-worth, a virtue found in a wide range of moral traditions that suppose a person would have an appropriate sense of self-worth in the face of tendencies both to overestimate and underestimate the value of one’s self. I begin by noting some distinctive features of this argument that distinguish it from more common arguments for moral skepticism. This is followed by an elucidation of the virtue of self-worth. I then consider some connections between self-worth and moral knowledge and, more briefly, the extent of self-worth among persons. Finally, I respond to the objection that the argument is incoherent because it presupposes moral knowledge that it later undermines. My aim is to offer a brief defense of an argument for a moderate moral skepticism that is rooted in morality itself as often understood. In general form, the argument is based on the contention that persons are unlikely to have moral knowledge insofar as they lack certain moral virtues; it continues with the claim that persons are commonly deficient in these virtues, and it concludes that they are regularly unlikely to have adequate moral knowledge. I will propose a version of this argument that employs a broad conception of self-worth, a virtue found in a wide range of moral traditions that suppose a person should have an appropriate sense of self-worth in the face of tendencies both to overestimate and underestimate the value of one's self. I begin by noting some distinctive features of this argument that distinguish it from more common arguments for moral skepticism (section I). This is followed by an elucidation of the virtue of self-worth (section II). I then consider some connections between self-worth and moral knowledge (sections III and IV), and, more briefly, the extent of self-worth among persons (section V). Finally, I respond to an objection that may be made against this argument (section VI). I. The argument I defend here is in several respects different than familiar arguments for moral skepticism. First, moral skeptics often purport to show that there is no moral knowledge and sometimes that there can be none. (1) The present argument claims only that persons commonly are likely to be deficient in moral knowledge and hence that there is less moral knowledge among persons than might be thought.

Unity in Diversity

INTRODUCTION One of the greatest leaders that the world has ever seen, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was a political figure, a social and political reformer, a humanist, a visionary and a spiritual leader, who took the country on the road to freedom. Gandhi, popularly known as the Mahatma, not only led the freedom struggle in India but also performed a pivotal role in the struggle of the Indians for civil rights in South Africa. Victimized by incidents of racial discrimination, Gandhi embarked on a crusade against injustice in South Africa that he continued the rest of his life.The twenty long years that Gandhi lived in South Africa, had a considerable influence on the formation of his political ideologies and the philosophies of his life. It was in South Africa that Gandhi's stature gradually began to gain height. His experiences and activities in South Africa provided the necessary background for his subsequent emergence onto the Indian political scenario. His greatest achievement in South Africa was perhaps the unification of the heterogeneous Indian community that comprised of disgruntled merchants and the bonded laborers.The ideological concepts with which Gandhi revolutionized the Indian political scenario were molded to a large extent in South Africa. The celebrated notion of Satyagraha emerged as a consequence of various influences that worked on him. He extensively read religious books on Hinduism, like the BhagwatGita, and Christianity in South Africa. The works of Henry David Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy, John Ruskin and Ralph Waldo, also had significant influences on his thoughts.The notion of non co-operation, as a civilian weapon to fight governmental tyranny was discussed by all these major writers, but it was Gandhi who gave practical shape to the concept. He was the first one to organize Satyagraha struggle in South Africa. For Gandhi the doctrine of Satyagraha entailed passive resistance and commitment to the forces of truth. His second weapon, non viol ence or ahimsa also evolved in South Africa. This cardinal principle of Gandhian philosophy was imbibed from Jainism and Vaishnavism. Gandhi showed to the world how non violence could be used as an ffective political tool to fight the injustices hurled by an oppressive government. For Gandhi, ahimsa entailed self control, swaraj or self rule, and chastity. Alongside, Gandhi embraced a philosophy that disapproved of the norms of Western civilization and conceived of moral reformation of the Indians. Gandhi's Arrival in South Africa Upon returning from England with a degree in law, Gandhi began a legal practice in Mumbai and Rajkot, Gujarat. However, he was unsuccessful to establish a career as a lawyer in both the places.At this point, Gandhi received an offer from the firm Dada Abdulla Seth and Company, to be the legal representative of the firm in South Africa. Gandhi accepted the offer and set sail for a whole new world in April, 1893. In the month of May, 1893, Gandhi reached Dur ban. Accompanied by Dada Abdulla, one of the richest Indian traders in Natal, who also happened to be his employer, he went to visit the Durban Court. The European magistrate at the court instructed Gandhi to remove his turban. He not only disobeyed the commands of the magistrate but issued a protect letter to the press.This was, however, just the lull before the storm. The final provocation took place during his journey to Pretoria from Durban shook the consciousness of the young lawyer to such an extent that he assumed a staunch position against racial prejudice. This incident played a major role in carving out the future course of Gandhi's life. As Gandhi was preparing to return to India, after the completion of his lawsuit, the news of a proposed bill, to be introduced by the Natal Government, reached him. This bill would lead to disenfranchising of the Indians in South Africa.Pleaded by his fellow Indians, Gandhi remained back and took up the issue. Although the bill was passed inspite of Gandhi's attempts, his crusade continued for twenty long years. As part of his struggle, he drafted memorandums, distributed petitions and wrote to the newspapers. His activities in South Africa enabled him to gain an image as the patron of Indian civil rights and an important political leader. In the year 1896, Gandhi returned to India for a period of six months. During this period, he sought to present before the Indians, the pitiful situation f their fellow men in South Africa. However, Gandhi's activities were blown out of proportion by the press in South Africa. When he landed in South Africa, an agitated mob comprising of the whites, attacked him. As the news of this attack, spread rapidly, Joseph Chamberlain, enjoined the prosecution of the assailants. During his second phase of stay in South Africa, Gandhi adopted a simple mode of living, renouncing the lavish standards of living. When the Boer War broke out, Gandhi requested the Indian community, to extend their support to the British.In 1901, Gandhi returned to India but he had to return to appear before Joseph Chamberlain, to plead the Indian case. However, he failed to win over the understanding of Joseph Chamberlain. It was also at this time that Gandhi resolved to lead a celibate life and took to reading Ruskin. Satyagraha in South Africa The first Satyagraha struggle that Gandhi launched in South Africa was against the background of the passage of Asiatic Registration Act by the government of Transvaal in 1907.Realizing that his techniques of prayers and petitions had been rendered ineffectual, the tactic of passive resistance emerged as the new method of opposing. He urged the Indian community to disobey the Act and resort to picketing of the major offices like the permit offices. In 1908, in the month of January, Gandhi and other satyagrahis were jailed. Following this a movement commenced where the satyagrahis began to burn the certificates in a bonfire. In the month of September, Gandhi was arrested for the second time, this time sentenced for two months.The following year, saw Gandhi once again behind the bars for three months. It is pertinent to mention here that Gandhi founded a small colony by the name Tolstoy Farm, where his fellow satyagrahis could lead a bare existence. The Indian women joined the Satyagraha struggle, with the pronouncement of the Supreme Court judgment that annulled all Muslim, Hindu and Zoroastrian marriages. As the women satyagrahis were arrested following their march to Newcastle, several Indian miners, under the guidance of Gandhi, decided to cross over Transvaal border, resorting to non violence means.Even Gandhi's wife Kasturba Gandhi was included among the imprisoned women satyagrahis. In the year 1913, in the month of November, fifty seven children, one hundred and twenty seven women and two thousand and thirty seven men resumed the march. Following the ‘blood and iron' policy adopted by government of South Africa, two Christian men Pearson and C. F Andrews were sent to aid Gandhi. This initiative was taken by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, one of the most prominent Indian politicians. The Viceroy of India, Lord Harginge, criticized the policies of the South African government.Pressurized by London, negotiations commenced between South African Government and Gandhi. In an agreement that was finally arrived upon, certain concessions were made. The 13 taxes imposed on the previously indentured laborers were abolished, marriages performed according to Indian customs received legal acceptance and a domicile certificate, with the thumb impression of the holder, was adequate to permit entrance into South Africa. With a trail of significant achievements behind him, Gandhi finally returned to India in the year 1915, and within a brief span of time became the leader of the Indian Nationalism.Champaran First Satyagraha Gandhi, the exponent of the  Satyagraha  movement, staged his first Satyagraha in Champaran, in Bihar. It was in 1917. The poor peasants, the  indigo  growers, of the district invited Gandhi to go there to see for himself the grievances of the much exploited peasants there. Champaran was on the North-western corner of the  Bihar  Province. The River Gandak flows through this area. The river changed its course from time to time, leaving large lakes along its dried up courses. It was along the banks of these lakes the indigo factories were set up.There were two towns and three thousands villages in Champaran. 98 per cent of the people out of the 2 million lived in villages. And most of them were Hindus. Indigo farming was going on there for almost two centuries. In the beginning, the land was owned by the local people. But the white people from Britain grabbed the land and instead of the traditional sugar cane cultivation, the land grabbers compelled the people to enter into indigo cultivation. The British Indigo planters coerced the poor people to grow indigo on 15 per cent of their land and part with the whole crop for rent.Indigo cultivation was profitable only for the British. The local peasants had only misery and penury and poverty. It was on hearing about this predicament of the poor farmers there that Gandhi decided to go there. He left for Champaran along with a Bihari called Rajkumar Shukla. Babu Rajendra Prasad, who was to become the chairman of the Constituent Assembly for drafting a constitution for the new Republic of India, and who became the first President of the Republic of India, was not there, as he was practicing in the far away Patna as an advocate.He was a special person with lot of interest in public affairs and so Gandhi went straight to his house to find that he was away in  Patna. ————————————————- Champaran, Bihar In Champaran, a district in state of  Bihar, tens of thousands of landless  serfs,  in dentured laborers  and poor farmers were forced to grow  indigo  and other cash crops instead of the food crops which was necessary for their survival. These goods were bought from them at a very low price.Suppressed by the ruthless militias of the landlords (mostly British), they were given measly compensation, leaving them mired in extreme poverty. Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied an oppressive tax which they insisted on increasing in rate. Without food and without money, the situation was growing progressively unlivable and the peasants in  Champaran  revolted against indigo plant cultivation in 1914 (at  Pipra) and 1916(Turkaulia) and  Raj Kumar Shukla  took  Mahatma Gandhi  to  Champaran  and the  Champaran  Satyagraha began.Gandhi arrived in Champaran with a team of  eminent lawyers:  Brajkishore Prasad,  Rajendra Prasad,Anugrah Narayan Sinha  and others including Acharya kripalani. ———â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Kheda, Gujarat A famine had struck the district and a large part of Gujarat, and virtually destroyed the agrarian economy. The poor peasants had barely enough to feed themselves, but the British government of the  Bombay Presidency  insisted that the farmers not only pay full taxes, but also pay the 23% increase stated to take effect that every year. ———————————————— Gandhi's solution While many civic groups sent petitions and published editorials, Gandhi proposed  satyagraha  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ non-violence, mass  civil disobedience. While it was strictly non-violent, Gandhi was proposing real action, a real revolt that the oppressed peoples of India were dying to undertake.. Gandhi also insisted that neither the protestors in Bihar nor in Gujarat allude to or try to propag ate the concept of  Swaraj, or  Independence. This was not about political freedom, but a revolt against abject tyranny amidst a terrible humanitarian disaster.While accepting participants and help from other parts of India, Gandhi insisted that no other district or province revolt against the Government, and that the  Indian National Congress  not get involved apart from issuing resolutions of support, to prevent the British from giving it cause to use extensive suppressive measures and brand the revolts as treason. In Champaran Gandhi established an  ashram  in Champaran, organizing scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region.He organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living. Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leaders hip to undo purdah, untouchability and the suppression of women. He was joined by many young nationalists from all over India, including  Brajkishore Prasad,Rajendra Prasad,  Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Ram Navami Prasad and  Jawaharlal Nehru.But his main assault came as he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court unwillingly did. Gandhi led organized protests and strike against the landlords, who with the guidance of the British government, signed an agreement granting more compensation and control over farming for the poor farmers of the region, and cancellation of revenue hikes and collection until the famine ended.It was during this agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as  Bapu  (Father) and  Mahatma  (Great Soul). In Kheda In Gujarat, Gandhi was only the spiritual he ad of the struggle. His chief lieutenant,  Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel  and a close coterie of devoted Gandhians, namely  Narhari Parikh,  Mohanlal Pandya  and  Ravi Shankar Vyas  toured the countryside, organized the villagers and gave them political leadership and direction.Many aroused Gujaratis from the cities of  Ahmedabad  and  Vadodara  joined the organizers of the revolt, but Gandhi and Patel resisted the involvement of Indians from other provinces, seeking to keep it a purely Gujarati struggle. Patel and his colleagues organized a major tax revolt, and all the different ethnic and caste communities of Kheda rallied around it. The peasants of Kheda signed a petition calling for the tax for this year to be scrapped in wake of the famine. The government in Bombay rejected the charter.They warned that if the peasants did not pay, the lands and property would be confiscated and many arrested. And once confiscated, they would not be returned even if most compli ed. None of the villages flinched. The tax withheld, the government's collectors and inspectors sent in thugs to seize property and cattle, while the police forfeited the lands and all agrarian property. The farmers did not resist arrest, nor retaliate to the force employed with violence. Instead, they used their cash and valuables to donate to the Gujarat Sabha  which was officially organizing the protest.The revolt was astounding in terms of discipline and unity. Even when all their personal property, land and livelihood were seized, a vast majority of Kheda's farmers remained firmly united in the support of Patel. Gujaratis sympathetic to the revolt in other parts resisted the government machinery, and helped to shelter the relatives and property of the protesting peasants. Those Indians who sought to buy the confiscated lands were ostracized from society. Although nationalists like  Sardul Singh Caveeshar  called for sympathetic revolts in other parts, Gandhi and Patel fir mly rejected the idea.The Government finally sought to foster an honorable agreement for both parties. The tax for the year in question, and the next would be suspended, and the increase in rate reduced, while all confiscated property would be returned. Gujaratis also worked in cohesion to return the confiscated lands to their rightful owners. The ones who had bought the lands seized were influenced to return them, even though the British had officially said it would stand by the buyers Non-Cooperation Movement The  Non-Cooperation Movement  was a significant phase of the  Indian struggle for freedom  from  British rule.This movement lasted from September 1920 to February 1922. It was led byMahatma Gandhi  and was supported by the  Indian National Congress. It aimed to resist British occupation in India through non-violent means. Protestors would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts, picket liquor shops, and try to uphold the Indian values of honour and integrity. The  Gandhian  ideals of  Ahimsa  or  non-violence, and his ability to rally hundreds of thousands of common citizens towards the cause of Indian independence, were first seen on a large scale in this movement.Among the significant causes of this movement were colonial oppression, exemplified by the  Rowlatt Act  and  Jallianwala Bagh massacre, economic hardships to the common man due to a large chunk of Indian wealth being exported to Britain, ruin of Indian artisans due to British factory-made goods replacing handmade goods, and popular resentment with the British over Indian soldiers dying in  World War I  while fighting as part of the  British Army– , in battles that otherwise had nothing to do with India.The calls of early political leaders like  Mohammad Ali Jinnah  (who later became communal and hardened his stand),  Annie Besant  and  Bal Gangadhar Tilak  (Congress Extremists) for  rule were accompanied only b y petitions and major public meetings. They never resulted in disorder or obstruction of government services. Partly due to that, the British did not take them very seriously. The non-cooperation movement aimed to ensure that the colonial economic and power structure would be seriously challenged, and British authorities would be forced to take notice of the people's demands. Here we should know that many evolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad were supporters of this very movement but were really dissatisfied by the dismissing of movement by Gandhiji. Civil Disobedience Movement Under the leadership of Gandhiji, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in AD 1930. It began with the Dandi March. On 12 March 1930, Gandiji with some of his followers left the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad and made their way towards Dandi, a village on the west coast of India. After travelling for twenty-five days and covering a distance of three hundred and eighty-five kms, the group reached Dandi on 6 April 1930.Here, Gandhiji protested against the Salt Law (salt was a monopoly of the government and no one was allowed to make salt) by making slat himself and throwing up a challenge to the British government. The Dandi March signified the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The movement spread and salt laws were challenged in other parts of the country. Salt became the symbol of people’s defiance of the government. In Tamil Nadu, C Rajagopalchari led a similar march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam. In Gujarat, Sarojini Naidu pretested in front of the slat depots.Lakhs of people including a large number of women participated actively in these protests. The Civil Disobedience Movement carried forward the unfinished work of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Practically the whole country became involved in it. Hartals put life at a standstill. There were large-scale boycotts of schools, colleges and offices. Foreign goods were burnt in bonfires. People sto pped paying taxes. In the North-West Frontier Province, the movement was led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, popularly known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’. For a few days, British control over Peshawar and Sholapur ended.People faced the batons and bullets of the police with supreme courage. No one retaliated or said anything to the police. As reports and photographs of this extraordinary protest began to appear in newspapers across the world, there was a growing tide of support for India’s freedom struggle. The Civil Disobedience Movement led by M K Gandhi, in the year 1930 was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism. There are three distinct phases that mark the development of Indian Nationalism. In the first phase, the ideology of the moderates dominated the political scenario. This was ollowed by the prominence of the extremist ideologies. In the third phase of Indian Nationalism the most significant incident was the rise of MK Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, to power as the leader of Indian National Movements. Under his spirited guidance, the National Movements of the country took shape. The Indians learnt how apparently philosophical tenets like non violence and passive resistance, could be used to wage political battles. The programs and policies adopted in the movements spearheaded by Gandhi reflected his political ideologies of ahimsa and Satyagraha.While the Non-Co-Operation Movement was built on the lines of non violent non co operation, the essence of The Civil Disobedience Movement was defying of the British laws. Through his leadership to the National Movements, he not only buttressed his political stance but also played a crucial role in unification of the country, awakening of the masses, and bringing politics within the arena of the common man. Factors Leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement The prevalent political and social circumstances played a vital role in the launching of the Civil Disobedience M ovement.The Simon Commission was formed by the British Government that included solely the members of the British Parliament, in November 1927, to draft and formalize a constitution for India. The chairmanship of the commission rested with Sir John Simon, who was a well known lawyer and an English statesman. Accused of being an ‘All-White Commission', the Simon Commission was rejected by all political and social segments of the country. In Bengal, the opposition to the Simon Commission assumed a massive scale, with a hartal being observed in all corners of the province on February 3rd, 1928.On the occasion of Simon's arrival in the city, demonstrations were conducted in Calcutta. In the wake of the boycott of the recommendations proposed by Simon Commission, an All-Party Conference was organized in Bombay in May of 1928. Dr MA Ansari was the president of the conference. Motilal Nehru was given the responsibility to preside over the drafting committee, appointed at the conferen ce to prepare a constitution for India. Barring the Indian Muslims, The Nehru Report was endorsed by all segments of the Indian society.The Indian National Congress pressurized the British government to accept all the parts the Nehru Report, in December 1928. At the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress held in December, 1928, the British government was warned that if India was not granted the status of a dominion, a Civil Disobedience Movement would be initiated in the entire country. Lord Irwin, the Governor General, after a few months, declared that the final objective of the constitutional reforms was to grant the status of a dominion to India.Following this declaration, Gandhi along with other national leaders requested the Governor General to adopt a more liberal attitude in solving the constitutional crisis. A demand was made for the release of the political prisoners and for holding the suggested Round Table Conference for reflecting on the problems regarding the constitution of the country. None of the efforts made by the Congress received any favorable response from the British government. The patience of the Indian masses were wearing out. The political intelligentsia of the country was sure that the technique of persuasion would not be effective with the British government.The Congress had no other recourse but to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. In Bardoli, the peasants had already taken to Satyagraha under the guidance of Sardar Patel in the year 1928. Their non tax agitations were partially successful. The Congress took the decision to use the non violent weapon of Satyagraha on a nation wide scale against the government. The Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement MK Gandhi was urged by the Congress to render his much needed leadership to the Civil Disobedience Movement.On the historic day of 12th March 1930, Gandhi inaugurated The Civil Disobedience Movement by conducting the historic Dandi Salt March, where he broke the Sa lt Laws imposed by the British Government. Followed by an entourage of seventy nine ashramites, Gandhi embarked on his march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi that is located on the shores of the Arabian Sea. On 6th April 1930, Gandhi with the accompaniment of seventy nine satyagrahis violated the Salt Law by picking up a fistful of salt lying on the sea shore. They manually made salt on the shores of Dandi. Dandi Salt March had an immense impact on the entire nation.Each and every corner of the country was gripped in a unique fervor of nationalism. Soon this act of violation of the Salt Laws assumed an all India character. The entire nation amalgamated under the call of a single man, Mahatma Gandhi. There were reports of satyagrahas and instances of law violation from Bombay, Central and United Provinces, Bengal and Gujarat. The program of the Civil Disobedience Movement incorporated besides the breaking of the Salt Laws, picketing of shops selling foreign goods and liquor, bonfir e of cloth, refusal to pay taxes and avoidance of offices by the public officers and schools by the students.Even the women joined forces against the British. Those from orthodox families did not hesitate to respond to the call of the Mahatma. They took active part in the picketing exercises. Perturbed by the growing popularity of the movement, the British government imprisoned Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, in a bid to thwart it. Thus, the second struggle for attaining Swaraj launched by the Congress, under the able guidance of Mahatma, served the critical function of mobilizing the masses on a large scale against the British. Gandhi-Irwin PactIn the March of 1930, Gandhi met with the Viceroy, Lord Irwin and signed an agreement known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The two main clauses of the pact entailed; Congress participation in the Round Table Conference and cessation of The Civil Disobedience Movement. The Government of India released all satyagrahis from prison. Renewal of t he Civil Disobedience Movement Gandhi attended The Second Round Table Conference in London accompanied by Smt. Sarojini Naidu. At this Conference, it was claimed by Mahatma Gandhi that the Congress represented more than eighty five percent of the Indian population.Gandhi's claim was not endorsed by the British and also the Muslim representative. The Second Round Table Conference proved to be futile for the Indians and Gandhi returned to the country without any positive result. The political scene in India thereafter assumed an acute dimension. The Viceroy, Lord Willingdon, in the absence of Gandhi, adopted the policy of repression. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was violated and the Viceroy took to the suppression of the Congress. The Conservative party, which was in power in England, complied with the decision to assume a repressive stance against the Congress and the Indians.The Congress was held responsible by the government to have instigated the ‘Red Shirts' to participate in The Civil Disobedience Movement, led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar and provoking the cultivators of U. P to refuse to pay land revenue. Adding to this was the serious economic crisis that took hold of the country. Under such circumstances, the resumption of The Civil Disobedience Movement was inevitable. The Congress Working Committee took the decision to restart The Civil Disobedience Movement, as the British government was not prepared to relent.Gandhi resumed the movement in January 1932 and appealed to the entire nation to join in. The Viceroy was also informed of the stance assumed by the Congress. Four ordinances were promulgated by the government to deal with the situation. The police was given the power to arrest any person, even on the basis of mere suspicion. Sardar Patel, the President of Congress and Gandhi were arrested, along with other Congressmen. The second phase of The Civil Disobedience Movement lacked the organization that marked its first phase.Nonetheless the entire nation put up a tough fight and the movement continued for six months. Gandhi commenced his twenty one days of fast on May 8th, 1933, to make amends for the sins committed against the untouchables by the caste Hindus. The Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended, when Mahatma Gandhi withdrew mass Satyagraha on July 14th 1933. The movement ceased completely on April 7th 1934. Although The Civil Disobedience Movement failed to achieve any positive outcome, it was an important juncture in the history of Indian independence. The leadership of Mahatma Gandhi had a beneficial impact.The warring factions within the Congress united under the aegis of The Civil Disobedience Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi. Satyagraha was put on a firm footing through its large scale usage in the movement. Last but not the least India rediscovered its inherent strength and confidence to crusade against the British for its freedom. Quit India Movement The ascendancy of Mahatma Gandhi in the political scenario of pr e Independence India, bears a close relationship to the roles that he discharged in the three National Movements; namely The Non Co-Operation Movement, The Civil Disobedience Movement and The Quit India Movement.All the three movements were structured following the celebrated political ideologies of Gandhi. Satyagraha or passive civilian resistance and ahimsa or non violence became the unique weapons of Indian National Movements. However, The Quit India Movement departed significantly from the preceding movements in that it lacked organization and widespread violence became a common feature of the movement. Nevertheless, The Quit India Movement occupies a special place in the history of Indian struggle for freedom for taking the final step towards India's independence under the able leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.Gandhi's inspiring statement – â€Å"We shall either free India or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery† ignited the sen timents of Indians across the nation. Factors Contributing to the Launch of Quit India Movement In 1939, with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain, India was announced to be a party to the war for being a constituent component of the British Empire. Following this declaration, the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10th October, 1939, passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans.At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war as it was against Fascism. There was hardly any difference between British colonialism and Nazi totalitarianism. Responding to this declaration, the Viceroy issued a statement on October 17th wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven by the motif to strengthen peace in the world. He also stated that after the war, the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935, in accordance to the desires of the Indians.Gandhi's reaction to this statement wa s; â€Å"the old policy of divide and rule is to continue. The Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone. † According to the instructions issued by High Command, the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately. Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions. The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah. He called the day of 22nd December, 1939 ‘The Day of Deliverance'. Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day, however, it was futile.At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940, Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland, Pakistan. In the meanwhile, crucial political events took place in England. Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as the Prime Minister and the Conservatives, who assumed power in England, did not have a sympathetic stance towards the clai ms made by the Indians. In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of worsening war situation, the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians.On August 8th, the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred as the â€Å"August Offer†. However, the Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League. In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress, Gandhi at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha revealed his plan to launch Individual Civil Disobedience. Once again, the weapon of Satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British. It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British.Vinoba Bhave, a follower of Gandhi, was selected by him to initiate the movement. Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country, with the satyagrahis earnestly appea ling to the people of the nation not to support the Government in its war endeavors. The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis. On 3rd December, 1941, the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis. In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realized the necessity for appraising their program.Subsequently, the movement was withdrawn. The Cripps' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi's call for The Quit India Movement. In order to end the deadlock, the British government on 22nd March, 1942, sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain's war efforts. A Draft Declaration of the British Government was presented, which included terms like establishment of Dominion, establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the Provinces to make separate constitutions.These wo uld be, however, granted after the cessation of the Second World War. According to the Congress this Declaration only offered India a promise that was to be fulfilled in the future. Commenting on this Gandhi said; â€Å"It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank. † Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India, rule of terror in East Bengal and realization of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend their India. Gandhi's Call for Quit India Sir Stafford Cripps left the country amidst unprecedented excitement.Immediately after the return of Sir Stafford Cripps, Gandhi announced ‘Quit India' as the war cry for the Indians. To quote Gandhi, â€Å"The presence of the British in India is an invitation to Japan to invade India. Their withdrawal removes that bait†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å". Gandhi realized that the time was ripe to take some strong and quick actions. He wrote a series of articles in Harijan wher e he urged the people to rise in action. He was in favor of resorting to direct action. In order to give effect to the Mahatma's views, The Congress Working Committee adopted the well known ‘Quit India' Resolution, on July 14th 1942 at Wardha.The All India Congress Committee accepted this resolution with some modifications, on 8th August, 1942 in Bombay. The very next day, on 9th August, eminent Congress leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, Jaeaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad were arrested. The masses were left without any guidance. Gandhi's ‘do or die' call for the people created an upheaval in the country. But at the same time, Gandhi mentioned specifically that mass movement should be conducted following non violent means.The Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, adopted a policy of harsh repression all over the country and gory instances of British atrocities abounded all over. This ruined the atmosphere of non violence in the country. Unlike the other two movements, the Non-Co-Operation and the Civil Disobedience Movement that unleashed under the aegis of Mahatma Gandhi, the Quit India Movement captures the quintessence of a ‘spontaneous' rising by the people. The Quit India Movement, inaugurated at the call of the Mahatma, unfolded in four phases. In the first phase there were strikes, processions, demonstrations and processions.This phase lasted for a period of three to four days and commenced from the day of Gandhi's arrest on August 9th, 1942. The factory and mill workers rose to the cause and displayed maximum vigor and enthusiasm. The government took recourse to repressive measures to subdue the movement. In an incident of open fire in Bombay, the casualties included large number of women and children. Raids of municipal and government buildings characterized the second phase of the movement. Police stations, post offices and railway stations were attacked and set ablaze.Attempts were made by the agitated mobs to capture court buil dings. Troops fired to control mob fury. September 1942, marks the beginning of the third phase of the movement. It is said that during this phase of the movement, the mob threw bombs on the police in Madhya Pradesh, Bombay and Uttar Pradesh. With the emergence of the movement into the fourth phase, it gained back its peaceful character and extended till Mahatma Gandhi was released from prison in May, 1944. Quit India movement was Gandhi's final bid to secure India's independence.Although, many diverse political ideologies crowded the scenario of Indian National Movement at that time, yet it was the Satyagraha adopted by Gandhi that finally had the most telling effect in challenging the British authorities. India was at the very threshold of Independence by the end of the Quit India movement and Gandhi's long cherished dream was about to be realized. Quit India movement sealed the success for satyagraha as a policy of political resistance, and Gandhi's role as the chief moving force behind India's Independence came to be universally accepted, although dark clouds of a communal fissure still lurked in the background.